Color and Clarity: Normal urine is usually light yellow and clear. Dark or cloudy urine may indicate dehydration, infection, or other conditions. Specific Gravity: Measures urine concentration. Abnormal values can indicate dehydration or kidney dysfunction. pH Level: Normal urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. Abnormal pH levels can suggest kidney stones or infections. Protein: Presence of protein (proteinuria) could indicate kidney damage. Glucose: Glucose in urine (glycosuria) may be a sign of diabetes. Ketones: Ketones in urine (ketonuria) can result from uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, or a high-fat diet. Blood: Blood in urine (hematuria) can indicate kidney stones, infections, or other serious conditions.
